{"id":24275,"date":"2024-03-12T15:07:58","date_gmt":"2024-03-12T14:07:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fbt-avocats.ch\/guide-pratique-en-droit-des-poursuites-mainlevee-et-effet-suspensif\/"},"modified":"2025-12-22T11:08:12","modified_gmt":"2025-12-22T10:08:12","slug":"guide-pratique-en-droit-des-poursuites-mainlevee-et-effet-suspensif","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/staging.fbt-avocats.ch\/en\/guide-pratique-en-droit-des-poursuites-mainlevee-et-effet-suspensif\/","title":{"rendered":"Practical guide to debt enforcement and bankruptcy law, release and suspensive effect"},"content":{"rendered":"<div  class='avia-slideshow av-lpqtcuam-76906b30aa535219bbd7e5abbadb45f0 avia-slideshow-featured_large av_slideshow avia-slide-slider  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_heading  avia-builder-el-first  av-slideshow-ui av-control-default av-slideshow-manual av-loop-once av-loop-manual-endless av-default-height-applied avia-slideshow-1' data-slideshow-options=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:false,&quot;loop_autoplay&quot;:&quot;once&quot;,&quot;interval&quot;:5,&quot;loop_manual&quot;:&quot;manual-endless&quot;,&quot;autoplay_stopper&quot;:false,&quot;noNavigation&quot;:false,&quot;bg_slider&quot;:false,&quot;keep_padding&quot;:false,&quot;hoverpause&quot;:false,&quot;show_slide_delay&quot;:0}\"  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><ul class='avia-slideshow-inner ' style='padding-bottom: 42%;'><li  class='avia-slideshow-slide av-lpqtcuam-76906b30aa535219bbd7e5abbadb45f0__0  av-single-slide slide-1 slide-odd'><div data-rel='slideshow-1' class='avia-slide-wrap '   ><img fetchpriority=\"high\" class=\"wp-image-24367 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-24367\"  src='https:\/\/staging.fbt-avocats.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/19-1500x630.png' width='1500' height='630' title='19' alt=''  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"   \/><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-f3a3ff8cb65a4aadca87354b02d19e15\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-f3a3ff8cb65a4aadca87354b02d19e15{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:26px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-f3a3ff8cb65a4aadca87354b02d19e15 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-f3a3ff8cb65a4aadca87354b02d19e15 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:26px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-f3a3ff8cb65a4aadca87354b02d19e15 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-f3a3ff8cb65a4aadca87354b02d19e15 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-f3a3ff8cb65a4aadca87354b02d19e15 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-f3a3ff8cb65a4aadca87354b02d19e15 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_slideshow  el_before_av_hr  av-inherit-size'><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Practical guide to debt enforcement and bankruptcy law, release and suspensive effect<\/h1><div class='av-subheading av-subheading_below'><p>Litigation and Arbitration \u2013 March 2024<br \/>\nSerge Fasel and Rodrigo Domingos Da Silva<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_button '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div  class='avia-button-wrap av-lpqtm003-41499cefa2949a0371836e26553e4f40-wrap avia-button-left  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_hr '><a href='https:\/\/staging.fbt-avocats.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/FBT-Contentieux-Arbitrage-mars-2024-2.pdf'  class='avia-button av-lpqtm003-41499cefa2949a0371836e26553e4f40 av-link-btn avia-icon_select-no avia-size-large avia-position-left avia-color-theme-color'  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"  aria-label=\"Download pdf (only available in French)\"><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Download pdf (only available in French)<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-lpqthvln-edf60761fad835755560d987abf79923 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_button  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lpqt34bs-e4937d6ee6fb8bf73eb238b3b32b6052 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>En juillet 2023, nous avons publi\u00e9 un article portant sur la controverse entourant le caract\u00e8re ex\u00e9cutoire de la communication du dispositif du jugement rendu en proc\u00e9dure sommaire, ainsi que sur les pratiques de certaines juridictions cantonales, en particulier celles des cantons de Vaud et Zurich.<\/p>\n<p>Pour rappel, il ressort de la pratique de ces juridictions qu\u2019une d\u00e9cision de premi\u00e8re instance n\u2019est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme ex\u00e9cutoire qu\u2019une fois la motivation du jugement notifi\u00e9e aux parties.<\/p>\n<p>Nous avons plaid\u00e9 que cette pratique \u00e9tait contraire \u00e0 l\u2019intention du l\u00e9gislateur et apparaissait erron\u00e9e depuis l\u2019entr\u00e9e en vigueur du CPC, le 1er janvier 2011.<\/p>\n<p>Dans cet article, nous ferons le point sur cette pratique en prenant en consid\u00e9ration les derni\u00e8res jurisprudences dans le domaine.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00e8s lors que cette pratique a un impact direct sur le processus complexe et d\u00e9licat du recouvrement de cr\u00e9ances, nous avons jug\u00e9 utile de proposer des pr\u00e9cautions \u00e0 prendre tant \u00e0 l\u2019attention du d\u00e9biteur que du cr\u00e9ancier.<\/p>\n<p>En effet, certains aspects techniques tels que le caract\u00e8re ex\u00e9cutoire d\u2019une d\u00e9cision de mainlev\u00e9e, le d\u00e9lai pour introduire l\u2019action en lib\u00e9ration de dette ou encore le recours et la notion d\u2019effet suspensif, sont autant de points \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer avec attention dans cette phase de l\u2019ex\u00e9cution forc\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-ce9b27f4afaeccf8b1601eeee32ee0aa\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-ce9b27f4afaeccf8b1601eeee32ee0aa{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:20px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-ce9b27f4afaeccf8b1601eeee32ee0aa .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-ce9b27f4afaeccf8b1601eeee32ee0aa .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-ce9b27f4afaeccf8b1601eeee32ee0aa .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-ce9b27f4afaeccf8b1601eeee32ee0aa .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-ce9b27f4afaeccf8b1601eeee32ee0aa .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-ce9b27f4afaeccf8b1601eeee32ee0aa av-special-heading-h2 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock  av-inherit-size'><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >I. De l\u2019engagement de la poursuite<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lpqty15c-98626e6c4ed0ddad3c0d6ce3212fea28 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Lorsqu\u2019un cr\u00e9ancier cherche \u00e0 r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer une cr\u00e9ance impay\u00e9e, il peut initier une proc\u00e9dure de poursuite en d\u00e9posant une r\u00e9quisition de poursuite conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019art. 67 LP. Une fois correctement formul\u00e9e, l\u2019office des poursuites adresse alors au pr\u00e9sum\u00e9 d\u00e9biteur un commandement de payer, \u00e9quivalant \u00e0 une sommation (GILLI\u00c9RON, Poursuite pour dettes, faillite et concordat, Chapitre II : Le commandement de payer, N 631).<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019office des poursuites notifie le commandement de payer au plus tard le lendemain du jour o\u00f9 la r\u00e9quisition de poursuite lui parvient, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019art. 71 LP.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-bf1c8d11f1359a3d40a3388291439226\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-bf1c8d11f1359a3d40a3388291439226{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:20px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-bf1c8d11f1359a3d40a3388291439226 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-bf1c8d11f1359a3d40a3388291439226 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-bf1c8d11f1359a3d40a3388291439226 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-bf1c8d11f1359a3d40a3388291439226 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-bf1c8d11f1359a3d40a3388291439226 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-bf1c8d11f1359a3d40a3388291439226 av-special-heading-h2 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock  av-inherit-size'><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >II. De la r\u00e9action du d\u00e9biteur au commandement de payer<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lpqty15c-98626e6c4ed0ddad3c0d6ce3212fea28 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Suite \u00e0 la notification d\u2019un commandement de payer, le d\u00e9biteur a le choix entre deux options. La premi\u00e8re consiste \u00e0 s\u2019opposer au commandement de payer, tandis que la seconde implique de ne pas s\u2019y opposer. Dans ce cas, pass\u00e9 le d\u00e9lai de dix jours suivant la notification, la cr\u00e9ance sera r\u00e9put\u00e9e comme reconnue, et la proc\u00e9dure de poursuite ira sa voie.<\/p>\n<p>Apr\u00e8s la notification d\u2019un commandement de payer, le d\u00e9biteur dispose d\u2019un d\u00e9lai de dix jours pour former une opposition, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019art. 74 al. 1 LP. Ce d\u00e9lai est le m\u00eame dans la poursuite en r\u00e9alisation de gage (art. 153 al. 4 LP <em>cum<\/em> art. 74 LP). L\u2019opposition n\u2019est soumise \u00e0 aucune forme particuli\u00e8re. Il suffit que la volont\u00e9 de s\u2019opposer<br \/>\nau commandement de payer soit manifeste et sans \u00e9quivoque.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019opposition suspend la poursuite et l\u2019office des poursuites ne doit pas donner suite \u00e0 une r\u00e9quisition de la continuer. Il appartient alors au cr\u00e9ancier de reprendre l\u2019initiative s\u2019il ne veut pas que la poursuite demeure en l\u2019\u00e9tat et se p\u00e9rime \u00e0 l\u2019issue d\u2019une ann\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-cb44417dd11b78b2e5b0b623c2f886c7\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-cb44417dd11b78b2e5b0b623c2f886c7{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:20px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-cb44417dd11b78b2e5b0b623c2f886c7 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-cb44417dd11b78b2e5b0b623c2f886c7 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-cb44417dd11b78b2e5b0b623c2f886c7 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-cb44417dd11b78b2e5b0b623c2f886c7 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-cb44417dd11b78b2e5b0b623c2f886c7 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-cb44417dd11b78b2e5b0b623c2f886c7 av-special-heading-h2 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock  av-inherit-size'><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >III. Des options du cr\u00e9ancier face \u00e0 l\u2019opposition<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lpqty15c-98626e6c4ed0ddad3c0d6ce3212fea28 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>En cas d\u2019opposition du d\u00e9biteur \u00e0 un commandement de payer, le cr\u00e9ancier se trouve face \u00e0 quatre hypoth\u00e8ses possibles (GILLI\u00c9RON, Poursuite pour dettes, faillite et concordat, Chapitre III : L\u2019opposition, N 699). <em>La premi\u00e8re<\/em> : il demeure inactif et la poursuite sera p\u00e9rim\u00e9e passer un certain d\u00e9lai (<em>Ibidem<\/em>, N 670). <em>La deuxi\u00e8me<\/em> : le poursuivant n\u2019est pas en possession d\u2019un titre lui permettant de justifier l\u2019exigibilit\u00e9 de sa cr\u00e9ance. Il doit ouvrir devant les tribunaux ordinaires, une action en reconnaissance de dette (art. 79 LP et 186 LP). <em>La troisi\u00e8me<\/em> : le cr\u00e9ancier poss\u00e8de un acte de d\u00e9faut de biens apr\u00e8s la faillite et d\u00e9cide de continuer la faillite. <em>La quatri\u00e8me<\/em> : celle qui sera abord\u00e9e plus en d\u00e9tail, le cr\u00e9ancier a un titre de cr\u00e9ance et d\u00e9cide de passer par la proc\u00e9dure de mainlev\u00e9e de l\u2019opposition.<\/p>\n<p>La requ\u00eate de mainlev\u00e9e est trait\u00e9e en proc\u00e9dure sommaire et contradictoire. Le cr\u00e9ancier vise \u00e0 faire lever l\u2019opposition, que ce soit de mani\u00e8re provisoire (art. 80 et 81 LP) ou d\u00e9finitive (art. 82 et 83 LP).<\/p>\n<p>Il est essentiel de distinguer les situations permettant au poursuivant d\u2019obtenir une d\u00e9cision de mainlev\u00e9e d\u00e9finitive et celles aboutissant \u00e0 la mainlev\u00e9e provisoire de l\u2019opposition form\u00e9e au commandement de payer.<\/p>\n<p>Pour obtenir la mainlev\u00e9e d\u00e9finitive, le poursuivant doit disposer d\u2019un jugement ex\u00e9cutoire (art. 80 al. 1 LP). Les titres permettant la mainlev\u00e9e d\u00e9finitive incluent \u00ab <em>les jugements des tribunaux \u00e9tatiques, les sentences arbitrales, les transactions ou reconnaissances pass\u00e9es en justices, les titres authentiques ex\u00e9cutoires, ainsi que les d\u00e9cisions des autorit\u00e9s administratives suisses<\/em> \u00bb (ABBET, La Mainlev\u00e9e de l\u2019opposition, art. 80, N 2).<\/p>\n<p>En ce qui concerne la mainlev\u00e9e provisoire, le cr\u00e9ancier ne dispose pas d\u2019une d\u00e9cision ex\u00e9cutoire, mais il est n\u00e9anmoins en possession d\u2019une reconnaissance de dette. Si la mainlev\u00e9e provisoire est prononc\u00e9e, le poursuivant pourra requ\u00e9rir la saisie provisoire ou l\u2019inventaire (art. 83 al. 1 LP).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-5afb32417df66dabc6bcb40182eec7c1\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-5afb32417df66dabc6bcb40182eec7c1{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:20px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-5afb32417df66dabc6bcb40182eec7c1 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-5afb32417df66dabc6bcb40182eec7c1 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-5afb32417df66dabc6bcb40182eec7c1 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-5afb32417df66dabc6bcb40182eec7c1 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-5afb32417df66dabc6bcb40182eec7c1 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-5afb32417df66dabc6bcb40182eec7c1 av-special-heading-h2 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-12  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_heading  av-inherit-size'><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >IV. De l\u2019effet suspensif du recours contre le jugement de mainlev\u00e9e provisoire<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-8e14844bea9d309fe73a3d1ec2f340ce\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-8e14844bea9d309fe73a3d1ec2f340ce{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:15px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-8e14844bea9d309fe73a3d1ec2f340ce .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-8e14844bea9d309fe73a3d1ec2f340ce .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-8e14844bea9d309fe73a3d1ec2f340ce .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-8e14844bea9d309fe73a3d1ec2f340ce .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-8e14844bea9d309fe73a3d1ec2f340ce .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-8e14844bea9d309fe73a3d1ec2f340ce av-special-heading-h3 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-13  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_textblock  av-inherit-size'><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >De la position du d\u00e9biteur<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lpqty15c-98626e6c4ed0ddad3c0d6ce3212fea28 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>\u00c0 la diff\u00e9rence d\u2019un jugement de mainlev\u00e9e d\u00e9finitive, le jugement de mainlev\u00e9e provisoire n\u2019est ex\u00e9cutoire que si, dans les vingt jours suivant sa notification, aucune action en lib\u00e9ration de dette n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 introduite ou lorsque celle-ci a \u00e9t\u00e9 rejet\u00e9e ou d\u00e9clar\u00e9e irrecevable (BERGAMIN, Rechtskraft und Vollstreckbarkeit : Wann ist der Rechtsvorschlag definitiv beseitigt ? BISchK 2020 p. 153 ss ; MARKUS\/WUFFLI, Rechtskraft une Vollstreckbarkeit : zwei Begriffe, ein Konzept ; RJB 151\/2015 p. 105 ss ; STAEHELIN in Basler Kommentar, Bundesgesetz \u00fcber Schuldbetreibung und Konkurs, vol. I 3\u00e8me \u00e9dition 2021, N 13 ad art. 83 LP). Cette action consiste \u00e0 faire constater l\u2019inexistence ou l\u2019inexigibilit\u00e9 de la cr\u00e9ance d\u00e9duite en poursuite (art. 83 al. 2 LP ; VEUILLET\/ ABBET, La Mainlev\u00e9e de l\u2019opposition, art. 82, N 1).<\/p>\n<p>Il convient de distinguer deux d\u00e9lais commen\u00e7ant \u00e0 courir d\u00e8s la notification du jugement de mainlev\u00e9e provisoire de l\u2019opposition. Le premier concerne le recours contre la d\u00e9cision (art. 319 ss CPC), tandis que le second concerne l\u2019introduction de l\u2019action en lib\u00e9ration de dette (CHENEAUX, Le recours et la LP, JdT 2022 II p. 51 ss).<\/p>\n<p>S\u2019il recourt contre le jugement de mainlev\u00e9e, le d\u00e9biteur devra solliciter l\u2019effet suspensif et il lui incombera de veiller \u00e0 ce que ledit effet soit effectivement accord\u00e9 (arr\u00eat du Tribunal f\u00e9d\u00e9ral 5A_579\/2022 du 1er mai 2023), \u00e9tant rappel\u00e9 qu\u2019un tel recours n\u2019a pas un effet suspensif automatique.<\/p>\n<p>En effet, si l\u2019effet suspensif est accord\u00e9, il d\u00e9ploie ses effets <em>ex tunc<\/em>, ce qui signifie qu\u2019il r\u00e9troagit \u00e0 la date de la d\u00e9cision entreprise. Ainsi, le d\u00e9lai pour introduire l\u2019action en lib\u00e9ration de dette ne commencera \u00e0 courir qu\u2019au jour de la notification de l\u2019arr\u00eat sur recours prononc\u00e9 par la juridiction sup\u00e9rieure, si ce recours a \u00e9t\u00e9 rejet\u00e9 (cf. ATF 127 III 569 consid. 4, SJ 2002 I 54 ; ABBET N 137 ad art. 84 LP ; SCHMIDT in Commentaire romand, Poursuite et faillite, 2005, N 14 ad art. 83 LP).<\/p>\n<p>En d\u2019autres termes, lorsque l\u2019effet suspensif au recours est octroy\u00e9, le d\u00e9biteur est dispens\u00e9 d\u2019introduire l\u2019action en lib\u00e9ration de dette aussi longtemps qu\u2019un tribunal n\u2019a pas d\u00e9finitivement statu\u00e9 sur la mainlev\u00e9e de l\u2019opposition (JEANDIN in Commentaire romand, Code de proc\u00e9dure civile, 2\u00e8me \u00e9dition 2019, N 7 ad art. 325 CPC). Cette situation est donc favorable au d\u00e9biteur et lui permet d\u2019\u00e9viter que deux proc\u00e9dures soient conduites parall\u00e8lement, l\u2019une sur le sort de la mainlev\u00e9e provisoire de l\u2019opposition, l\u2019autre pour obtenir la lib\u00e9ration de la dette (MARKUS\/WUFFLI, p. 106).<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, il est tout \u00e0 fait possible que l\u2019effet suspensif ne lui soit pas octroy\u00e9. Dans une telle situation, il lui incombe de prendre les mesures n\u00e9cessaires pour sauvegarder le d\u00e9lai de l\u2019art. 83 al. 2 LP pour introduire son action en lib\u00e9ration de dette (ATF 127 III 569 consid. 4, SJ 2002 I 54 ; ABBET, N 228 ad art. 83 LP).<\/p>\n<p>En d\u2019autres termes, le d\u00e9biteur prudent introduira simultan\u00e9ment son recours contre le jugement de mainlev\u00e9e et son action en lib\u00e9ration de dette quitte \u00e0 en demander ensuite la suspension jusqu\u2019\u00e0 droit connu sur son recours qui aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 assorti d\u2019un effet suspensif.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-9312694d7d2eee3e5b45608c6a19aefd\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-9312694d7d2eee3e5b45608c6a19aefd{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:15px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-9312694d7d2eee3e5b45608c6a19aefd .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-9312694d7d2eee3e5b45608c6a19aefd .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-9312694d7d2eee3e5b45608c6a19aefd .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-9312694d7d2eee3e5b45608c6a19aefd .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-9312694d7d2eee3e5b45608c6a19aefd .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-9312694d7d2eee3e5b45608c6a19aefd av-special-heading-h3 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-15  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock  av-inherit-size'><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >De la position du cr\u00e9ancier<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lpqty15c-98626e6c4ed0ddad3c0d6ce3212fea28 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Apr\u00e8s le prononc\u00e9 du jugement de mainlev\u00e9e de l\u2019opposition, le cr\u00e9ancier peut en principe demander la continuation de la poursuite, le jugement \u00e9tant ex\u00e9cutoire, ind\u00e9pendamment de la possibilit\u00e9 pour le d\u00e9biteur d\u2019interjeter recours, \u00e0 condition que celui-ci n\u2019ait pas un effet suspensif (ATF 130 III 657 consid. 2.1 ; 126 III 479 consid. 2a et b ; 101 III 40 consid. 2).<\/p>\n<p>Partant, en pr\u00e9sence d\u2019un jugement de mainlev\u00e9e d\u00e9finitive, imm\u00e9diatement ex\u00e9cutoire, l\u2019office est en droit de donner suite imm\u00e9diatement \u00e0 la requ\u00eate de continuation de la poursuite (ATF 130 III 657 consid. 2.1 ; 126 III 479 consid. 2b).<\/p>\n<p>En revanche, en cas de jugement de mainlev\u00e9e provisoire, le cr\u00e9ancier doit toujours d\u00e9montrer que le d\u00e9lai pour introduire l\u2019action en lib\u00e9ration de dette est \u00e9chu sans avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 ou que l\u2019action a \u00e9t\u00e9 rejet\u00e9e, de telle sorte que la mainlev\u00e9e devienne d\u00e9finitive (art. 83 al. 2 et 3 LP ; BERGAMIN, p. 153ss).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-7aaf124f779e42e16deb69dcb8cedbf7\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-7aaf124f779e42e16deb69dcb8cedbf7{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:20px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-7aaf124f779e42e16deb69dcb8cedbf7 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-7aaf124f779e42e16deb69dcb8cedbf7 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-7aaf124f779e42e16deb69dcb8cedbf7 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-7aaf124f779e42e16deb69dcb8cedbf7 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-7aaf124f779e42e16deb69dcb8cedbf7 .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-7aaf124f779e42e16deb69dcb8cedbf7 av-special-heading-h2 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-17  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock  av-inherit-size'><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >V. Du caract\u00e8re ex\u00e9cutoire des d\u00e9cisions non motiv\u00e9es sujettes \u00e0 une voie de droit d\u00e9pourvue d\u2019effet suspensif automatique<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lpqty15c-98626e6c4ed0ddad3c0d6ce3212fea28 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>La question du caract\u00e8re ex\u00e9cutoire des d\u00e9cisions non motiv\u00e9es, sujettes \u00e0 une voie de droit d\u00e9pourvue d\u2019effet suspensif automatique, a suscit\u00e9 de nombreux d\u00e9bats. Certains auteurs avan\u00e7aient que la d\u00e9cision ne pourrait \u00eatre ex\u00e9cutoire qu\u2019apr\u00e8s la notification d\u2019un jugement motiv\u00e9 si la motivation du dispositif avait \u00e9t\u00e9 demand\u00e9e. Selon ces m\u00eames auteurs, la d\u00e9cision ne deviendrait ex\u00e9cutoire qu\u2019une fois l\u2019exp\u00e9dition compl\u00e8te et le d\u00e9lai pour recourir \u00e9chu.<\/p>\n<p>Comme mentionn\u00e9 dans notre pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent article de juillet 2023, cette position \u00e9tait critiquable. Elle correspondait \u00e0 celle de la jurisprudence du canton de Vaud, soutenant que la d\u00e9cision de premi\u00e8re instance ne serait ex\u00e9cutoire qu\u2019apr\u00e8s la notification de la motivation du jugement aux parties, dans la mesure o\u00f9 la motivation aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 demand\u00e9e en vertu de l\u2019art. 239 al. 2 CPC.<\/p>\n<p>Cette pratique reposait sur l\u2019id\u00e9e d\u2019appliquer par analogie l\u2019art. 112 LTF aux d\u00e9cisions rendues par une autorit\u00e9 de premi\u00e8re instance cantonale. En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, cette approche trouvait son fondement dans une jurisprudence zurichoise consid\u00e9rant que l\u2019objet de l\u2019art. 112 LTF serait identique \u00e0 celui de l\u2019art. 239 CPC, \u00e0 savoir l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 de la proc\u00e9dure, ce qui justifierait l\u2019application par analogie.<\/p>\n<p>Partant, cette position sugg\u00e8re de conditionner l\u2019obtention du caract\u00e8re ex\u00e9cutoire de la d\u00e9cision de premi\u00e8re instance \u00e0 la notification de la motivation (CORBOZ, Commentaire de la LTF, 2\u00e8me \u00e9dition, n. 52 ad art. 112 LTF). En d\u2019autres termes, <em>a contrario<\/em>, la simple communication du dispositif ne d\u00e9clencherait pas l\u2019entr\u00e9e en force de la d\u00e9cision.<\/p>\n<p>Une autre partie de la doctrine, \u00e0 laquelle nous nous \u00e9tions ralli\u00e9s, \u00e0 l\u2019instar de plusieurs autorit\u00e9s cantonales, soutient que les d\u00e9cisions de premi\u00e8re instance, ne pouvant \u00eatre attaqu\u00e9es que par un recours au sens strict ou par un appel sans effet suspensif, peuvent \u00eatre qualifi\u00e9es d\u2019ex\u00e9cutoire, avec la simple communication du dispositif.<\/p>\n<p>Ainsi, pendant l\u2019\u00e9coulement du d\u00e9lai pour requ\u00e9rir la motivation \u00e9crite, dans la mesure o\u00f9 celle-ci serait requise, et ce, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9coulement du d\u00e9lai de recours, la d\u00e9cision est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme ex\u00e9cutoire (art. 325 al. 1 et 315 al. 4 CPC).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_heading-4844eaf2fb7b3122cecba628ab2e4c3a\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-4844eaf2fb7b3122cecba628ab2e4c3a{\npadding-bottom:10px;\nfont-size:20px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-4844eaf2fb7b3122cecba628ab2e4c3a .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-4844eaf2fb7b3122cecba628ab2e4c3a .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:20px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-av_heading-4844eaf2fb7b3122cecba628ab2e4c3a .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (min-width: 480px) and (max-width: 767px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-4844eaf2fb7b3122cecba628ab2e4c3a .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 479px){ \n#top #wrap_all .av-special-heading.av-av_heading-4844eaf2fb7b3122cecba628ab2e4c3a .av-special-heading-tag{\nfont-size:0.8em;\n}\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-av_heading-4844eaf2fb7b3122cecba628ab2e4c3a av-special-heading-h2 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-19  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock  av-inherit-size'><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >VI. De la conclusion<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lpqty15c-98626e6c4ed0ddad3c0d6ce3212fea28 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Heureusement pour les praticiens et les particuliers d\u00e9sorient\u00e9s, le Tribunal f\u00e9d\u00e9ral a clarifi\u00e9 la controverse entourant le caract\u00e8re ex\u00e9cutoire des d\u00e9cisions non motiv\u00e9es, sujettes \u00e0 une voie de droit d\u00e9pourvue d\u2019effet suspensif automatique, dans son arr\u00eat 5A_558\/2023 du 28 ao\u00fbt 2023 (SJ 2023 N 10).<\/p>\n<p>En effet, selon lui, il n\u2019est \u00ab <em>pas arbitraire de retenir que le caract\u00e8re ex\u00e9cutoire d\u2019une d\u00e9cision sujette \u00e0 une voie de droit sans effet suspensif automatique ne d\u00e9pend pas de sa motivation \u00e9crite, mais seulement de la communication de son dispositif aux parties<\/em> \u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Cette solution est en ad\u00e9quation avec la r\u00e9vision du CPC adopt\u00e9e le 17 mars 2023 (consid. 3.2).<\/p>\n<p>Ainsi, pour \u00e9viter l\u2019ex\u00e9cution forc\u00e9e, nous recommandons au d\u00e9biteur\/recourant de solliciter du Tribunal sup\u00e9rieur le prononc\u00e9 de mesures provisionnelles afin d\u2019emp\u00eacher ladite ex\u00e9cution (application par analogie de l\u2019art. 263 CPC ; BULLETTI, in CPC Online, Newsletter du 17 novembre 2016 et les jurisprudences cantonales cit\u00e9es ; STAEHELIN\/ BACHOFNER, Vollstreckung im Niemandsland, in Jusletter 16 avril 2012, N. 14).<\/p>\n<p>Le d\u00e9biteur prudent veillera \u00e9galement \u00e0 pr\u00e9server le d\u00e9lai fix\u00e9 pour l\u2019introduction d\u2019une \u00e9ventuelle action en lib\u00e9ration de dettes.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lpqthvln-27e3d4689132014f1425f973d38a9921\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-lpqthvln-27e3d4689132014f1425f973d38a9921{\nheight:10px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-lpqthvln-27e3d4689132014f1425f973d38a9921 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-21  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-m7kq06wj-7b0b5fbb2fde061a563b51b7e3e3a81d '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/staging.fbt-avocats.ch\/en\/portfolio-item\/serge-fasel\/\">Serge Fasel<\/a><br \/>\nPartner, Geneva<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">and<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/staging.fbt-avocats.ch\/en\/portfolio-item\/rodrigo-domingos-da-silva-2\/\">Rodrigo Domingos Da Silva<\/a><br \/>\nTrainee Lawyer, 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